I am writing to you because I am deeply concerned about your plans for deep sea mining in Norwegian Arctic waters.
The UN Environment Programme, the World Economic Forum, the International Ocean Panel that Norway co-leads, the Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet) and the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (Havforskningsinstituttet) have all warned about the potentially grave impacts of deep sea mining and urged governments to take the precautionary principle into account.
https://media.greenpeace.org/Detail/27MZIFJBYTEGY
Norway must commit to protecting this irreplaceable habitat. It is time to decide what legacy you want to leave for future generations in Norway, Europe and the world.
It is not too late to protect the Arctic and its deep sea from destructive deep sea mining activities. Don't let Norway be the first country in the world to start deep sea mining – protect the last untouched place on Earth.
Thank you for your attention.
With hope for the oceans,
To the Cabinet Office on their contact form
Note that I send emails to many people, but the UK PM and Cabinet Office wants me to use their own individual form. If everybody did that, I would send no emails at all, for I will not spend my whole day on just one "email".......
Stopping Netanyahu 23sept2024
1) Because PM Netanyahu says the whole of his Cabinet approves policy, getting rid of him alone, is no good, but persuading him to change would help us to influence his Cabinet too.
2) If we could change the minds of the whole Cabinet, we would still be left with millions who voted them in, in the first place, and who may still be supportive of more killing - the Protesters against Netanyahu we saw on TV, are loud, but do they represent the whole population? So, a risk for the future - a possible return of aggression in a few years time if all goes quiet now? Nevertheless, let's try I think.....by making whatever we do, very visible to all Israeli, by making a change of Cabinet mind obvious......
3) I have asked the Pentagon – who are these people > - (osd.pa.dutyofficer@mail.mil) to use Tomahawk missiles (or similar idea) on one or two airfields in Israel, as a threat to PM Netanyahu's Government, to STOP killing......anybody,
or escalate much bigger into big USA attacks on Israel military targets (the Israeli airforce is Strong, so we risk our own USA lives.....but how far are we going to let Israel go otherwise - a limit somewhere surely, even at our own risk). I would prefer USA did it on its own, for they are the ones who have so supported the WRONG REGIME (Israel), and they should demonstrate they have LEARNT .......
a few Tomahawks as a threat to Israel : Oi, STOP NOW request, or else, and after that threat, the rest of the world join in if necessary?
4) I still have a "UN Peacekeeping Force INSIDE no airforce Israel" thought in mind long term........from a 28August2024 email (below) to the UN at dpa-scsb3@un.org - and no response there either.
5) It seems no body thinks how to stop conflict, ongoing or just started!! The whole world is just watching Netanyahu's holocaust!! No action at all. A USS Aircraft Carrier drove towards Israel, but it appears just drinking rum..... The big stick has to be threatened against stupid people......but of course, I would prefer not to use it, until obstinacy shows in stupid - like Netanyahu and his Cabinet. Thus ask the USA to threaten/perhaps use against Israel's Government please. Unfortunately, if the UK Navy were to send Tomahawks the same way, the UK are weaker than Israel Militarily, so UK is no threat, but USA are big enough......
See also the following earlier email to the Cabinet Office today
Stop Netanyahu's Killing please 23sept2024
Just heard PM Netanyahu on SkyNews - he will attack Hisbollah with huge force in retaliation for their attacks on Israel. Israel has been overkilling in retaliation for decades now - and attacks on Israel continue, whether by Hamas, Houthi or Hisbollah.
The Israeli extraordinary extremes of over kill retaliation have not at all led to peace; on the contrary the attacks have increased.
Does that not suggest that maybe a different approach is needed? Netanyahu cannot see the many decades of his continuing over-kill (a large multiple of any deaths in Israel, every time) reaction behaviour have not at all led to ceasefire by the Arabs.....what an idiot.
USA lost the Vietnam war, as a result of not listening, in the same way as Netanyahu - the Vietnamese said that for every one village he destroyed, ten more would rise up to challenge him. And Nixon's USA lost....
People like Hamas and Houthi can think as well as Netanyahu can, but they are not as strong.....and their attacks are .... local and precise, while his use the WHOLE Israeli Airforce "Nationwide" attacking many civilians indiscriminately!! And Beirut is 100 km from Israel, and the ban on Hisbollah occupation is also deep into Lebanon territory: "nationwide" not too far out A!
Israel wants hostages released? Then stop killing Arabs, for the hostages are the result of Israel bullying, not just in over reaction killings, but in denying a Palestinian State - with the agreement of the wholly corrupt UN's 1949 acceptance of Israeli membership and occupation of Palestine as if it was Israel's land, not that of the indigenous Arabs there at the time!!
The hostages will not be released until Netanyahu stops......and accepts that Israeli's are NOT superior to Palestine Arabs, and should stop treating those Arabs as if they were "vermin", who have as much right to life and home as ANY other peoples throughout the world. The Jews are NOT special people, and their behaviour since1949 has been entirely despicable, full time sneering at the Arabs, and especially in 2017when Hamas asked for a 2 state solution, but totally rejected by the rich fat cats in Israel and USA. Apartheid practiced by both! - see Apartheid Poster below.
Please Mr UK Government, suggest to both Israel and USA that killings of Arabs at huge rates are not stopping the attacks on Israel. YOU have to tell them that killing evidently merely begats more killing…...do the Israeli really not see that? Wow! Non thinkers! Just football hooligans then….
Suggest Israel stops being an ignorant bully, and talks....politely.
Jim
28aug2024
email to UN, China, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, Brazil, Kenya, South Africa
The British Library
Dear Sir/Madam,
Please find enclosed my new book “Tornado New Horizons” ISBN 979-8-32824-379-7 published in 2024 recently.
What do UN Rules Mean?
The UK ignored their 1948 agreed UNDHR for 50 years, only bringing it internally in the Human Rights Act in 1998! Alan Turing died in UK in 1954, for UNDHR not allowed inside UK then!! (email 30aug, 1329UK time, to UN only)
Prime Minister Netanyahu 2
Sept 2024
made a speech followed by questions on Sky News TV in England today :
During the speech he emphasised that his was a Cabinet
decision, and (something like) while there were rumours about conflict within
Cabinet, they all agreed to their policy.
I listened to a somewhat bland translator, for his speech
was in Hebrew, but come to a final question (it turned out) from a French questioner,
PM Netanyahu said :
At 2110 Jerusalem time
QUOTE
On April 27 Secretary of State Blinken said Israel made extraordinary generous offer for a hostage deal
May 31, Israel agreed to a US backed proposal – Hamas refused
Aug 16, Israel agreed to what US defined as a final bridging proposal - Hamas refused again
Aug 19, Secretary of State Blinken said Israel accepted the US proposal, now Hamas must do the same
Aug 28, 5 Days ago, 5 days, Deputy CIA Director said that Israel shows seriousness in the negotiations, now Hamas must show the same seriousness.
What has changed in the last 5 days? – one thing – these
murderers executed 6 of our hostages, shot them in the back of the head – that’s
what’s changed, and now after that we are asked to show seriousness? - we are asked to make concessions? What message does that send Hamas. It says
kill more hostages, murder more hostages, you’ll get more concessions –
The pressure Internationally must be directed at these
killers, at Hamas not at Israel – we say yes, they say no all the time, but
they also murder these people, and now we need maximum pressure on Hamas.
I don’t believe that either President Biden or anyone
serious about achieving peace and achieving their release, would seriously ask Israel, Israel to make these concessions, we’ve already
made them – Hamas has to make the concessions.
Thankyou very much.
(then a very brief word in Hebrew).
END QUOTE
The Israeli are treating the Palestinians as vermin, to be exterminated (they claim only Hamas, but over 40,000 Hamas dead, and over 90,000 Hamas injured?).
Jim
Jim Quinn BSc CEng FIMechE CPD
When was President Biden’s – 3 phase proposal? many months ago now …….. aaah, it was
31 May 2024
and quite different from Netanyahu speech above for May 31 : he lied - Hamas welcomed it, and Israel refused is the truth......
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/31/biden-says-israel-has-agreed-to-enduring-gaza-ceasefire-proposal says :
QUOTE
In a statement shared on Telegram late on Friday, Hamas said it welcomed Biden’s remarks and his call for “a permanent ceasefire, withdrawal of [Israeli] occupation forces from the Gaza Strip, reconstruction and prisoners exchange“.
The group also said it was ready to respond “positively and constructively” to any proposal that includes those measures – as well as the return of displaced Palestinians to their homes in Gaza – if Israel “explicitly commits” to it, as well.
END QUOTE
https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/bidens-3-phase-plan-can-he-broker-gaza-peace-before-us-elections says :
QUOTE
In a blunt – and kind of rebuffing – statement, Netanyahu said that "Israel's conditions for ending the war have not changed: the destruction of Hamas' military and governing capabilities, the freeing of all hostages and ensuring that Gaza no longer poses a threat to Israel. This statement was strategically kept vague. Notably, it omitted the term “total victory,” a phrase Netanyahu frequently used to describe the Israeli military's aim in Gaza.
END QUOTE
.......................................................................................
The UN MUST CHANGE its view of BULLY NIGGLING PROSELYTISING Israel, and stop ARMS being sold/transferred into Israel. A blockade against Israel should be introduced TODAY please.
Ambassador James Kariuki said :“All parties need to engage immediately with diplomatic efforts based on the principles set out in UN Security Council Resolution 1701.”
So, I looked it up …..
https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IL-LB_060814_SCR1701.pdf
QUOTE
8. Calls for Israel and Lebanon to support a permanent ceasefire and a long term solution based on the following principles and elements:
– full respect for the Blue Line by both parties;
– full implementation of the relevant provisions of the Taif Accords, and of resolutions 1559 (2004) and 1680 (2006), that require the disarmament of all armed groups in Lebanon, so that, pursuant to the Lebanese cabinet decision of 27 July 2006, there will be no weapons or authority in Lebanon other than that of the Lebanese State;
– no foreign forces in Lebanon without the consent of its Government;
– no sales or supply of arms and related materiel to Lebanon except as authorized by its Government;
– provision to the United Nations of all remaining maps of landmines in Lebanon in Israel’s possession;
14. Calls upon the Government of Lebanon to secure its borders and other entry points to prevent the entry in Lebanon without its consent of arms or related materiel and requests UNIFIL as authorized in paragraph 11 to assist the Government of Lebanon at its request;
END QUOTE
Why is Israel considered the good part and Hizbollah the bad? Why is Israel
allowed huge numbers of weapon deliveries from the USA, and Hizbollah not
at all from Iran? I support Hizbollah’s reaction against the bully Israel.
Arabs they have long held contempt for, the Right to have a Palestinian State, for 76 years. It is well known that Israel have denied Palestine a State in its “no state”
declarations for many years which gives it APPARENT (but morally illegal !) Authority in the UN, because Israel was granted UN membership in 1949, as if it owned Palestine and all the Arabs within it!!!! And NO Palestinian Arab State……
Palestinians as supported by Hamas and Hizbollah, who have been denied
EVERYTHING – their Right to their own land and their right to OBJECT.
are months of NO RECORDS of the discussions in Norway) and they have been
more recently destroyed by Israel’s lawyers, niggling about EACH WORD (as they
pre-planned in Norway?), and denying the Arab everything today in the West Bank
and their Apartheid.
Israel should be denied huge weapons purchases, while the Palestinians allowed none as in this UN Resolution, causing huge military imbalance in the Middle East, and thus the continuing Conflict – of small arms fire, which is all the Palestinians can afford. The UN does not even see the difference between Israel’s military and the Freedom Fighters of Palestine, even assuming that Israel’s accusations are ACCURATE, when THEY ARE DELIBERATE MISLEADING NIGGLES triggering reactions from the “LITTLE” Arabs, to obtain as much support as corruptly possible from the UN against the Arab Freedom Fighter wanting their OWN LAND BACK. Israel have shown themselves to be Bullies ever since 1944 when they kept BREAKING The UN Legal Rules set up by Britain to RESTRICT the numbers of Jews entering Palestine, and In at least one case had to be shipped back to Europe by the British. The USA in unbalanced President Truman, supported this Jew CRIMINALITY.
If the UN had not known before, the current over 40,000 dead in Gaza is a testament to the Nazi type BULLY ISRAEL’s DENIAL of Human Rights there, and which the UN has not thought about and investigated the psychological approach of Israel to all its dealings with its OCCUPATION of Palestine (denied by the UN even of existing as an Arab community!), ever since the 1940’s – not just in 2023.
Calling Freedom Fighters “terrorists” is just one easy thing that bully Israel called for
and supported by USA and UK non-thinkers, because it means those who do not
have the resources to investigate, merely accept it without thought, and hence called for them to stop (in a UN unknowing vote), while all the time this was Israel’s Public Relations Team running the show, and the UN never even stopped to THINK and question the data in depth – you have to call a spade a spade to determine whether what you hear is the truth or fake news, and NONE of you have enlisted Qualified Investigatory help.
The UN MUST CHANGE its view of BULLY NIGGLING PROSELYTISING Israel, and stop ARMS being sold/transferred into Israel. A blockade against Israel should be introduced TODAY please.
Jim 30aug2024
..................................................................................................................
email to the UN 30aug2024
The Evolution chapter was removed, chapter 8 changed, and "TwentySix" added - my Correct book attached now available on Amazon at last, only as a paperback
Hi Mr President Joe Biden, 1805 ET 20 May 2024
https://www.whitehouse.gov/contact/
It seems popularity means more to you than
Human Rights.....
......for you have just said (according to the news here in the UK) that you think the ICC warrant to arrest Netanyahu for war crimes is outrageous - but he is a criminal for all the civilian murders he has caused in Gaza, or do you think there were none? - which is a big Israeli PR lie as you know well. And you continue to support Nazi Netanyahu's holocaust because there are so many Jew supporters in the USA? yes.
......for you pulled the last of your troops out of Afghanistan in August 2021, leaving so many in desperate Human Rights situations - half the population are in poverty and denied higher school and university education (what there is of it) - because of your need for selfish popularity in the USA? yes.
.....for your behaviour over Putin's invasion of Ukraine, where the right action would have been to send the Military in to Ukraine within a couple of weeks of 24 February 2022. Have you worked out the timeline between your pulling out of Afghanistan in August 2021 and his February 2022 invasion of Ukraine - Putin was right - you politicians are all wimps, and shuddered at the thought of a simple confrontation to stop Putin before he dug in ...... your popularity with the electorate again?, that denied the freedom your Military needed to act correctly.... yes.
You do know that they lengthily study aggressors and war games history, and are much better than you at that, for they know the consequences of their actions better than you - an incompetent amateur in these things, and you must consult more on ........ everything, please.
You know internal USA politics, but not international psychology.
Does USA Democracy breed loud, amateur,
people to stand as Leaders? yes ..... UK
too. What should we do about that? Elected people can prioritise needs, but
Well Qualified Experienced Designers should decide solutions.
Does Netanyahu instruct the IDF to collect parts of those they kill, to send to him for his collection? Or send a Certificate for PM signature, that this IDF gunshot employee has grown beyond teenager and passed the test to become a cruel Netanyahu man. at the Human in Front?
The
Middle East from 1922 8th November 2023
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas
Hamas (UK: /həˈmæs/ hə-MASS, US: /həˈmɑːs/ ⓘ hə-MAHSS;[57] Arabic: حماس, romanized: Ḥamās, IPA: [ħaˈmaːs]),[58] an acronym of its official name, the Islamic Resistance Movement (حركة المقاومة الإسلامية Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah), is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist[59] political and military organization
governing the Gaza Strip of the Israeli-occupied Palestinian territories.[60] Headquartered in Gaza City, it also has a presence
in the West Bank (the larger of the two Palestinian territories), in which
its secular rival Fatah exercises control.
In 1987, after the outbreak of the First
Intifada against Israel, Hamas was founded by Palestinian imam and activist Ahmed Yassin. It emerged out of
his Mujama al-Islamiya (Islamic Centre), which had been established in Gaza in
1973 as an Islamic charity involved with the Egypt-based Muslim
Brotherhood.[21] Hamas became increasingly involved in
the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by the late 1990s;[61] it opposed the Israel–PLO Letters of Mutual Recognition as well as the Oslo Accords, which saw Fatah renounce
"the use of terrorism and other acts of violence" and recognize Israel in pursuit of a two-state
solution.
Hamas continued to advocate Palestinian armed resistance, won the 2006 Palestinian legislative election,[62] gaining a majority
in the Palestinian Legislative Council,[63] and took control
of the Gaza Strip from Fatah following a civil war in 2007.[64][65] Since then, it has
run Gaza as a de facto autocratic and one-party
state.[66][67][68]
While historically seeking an Islamic Palestinian state over the
combined territory of Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip (rejecting
the two-state solution),[69][70] Hamas began negotiating with Israel and the 1967 borders
in the agreements it signed with Fatah in 2005, 2006 and 2007.[71] In 2017, Hamas released a new charter that supported a
Palestinian state within the 1967 borders without recognizing Israel.[72][73][74][75] Hamas's repeated offers of a truce (for a period of
10–100 years[76]) based on the 1967 borders are seen by many as being consistent
with a two-state solution,[77][78][79][80] while others state that Hamas retains the long-term
objective of establishing one state in former Mandatory
Palestine.[81][82] Under the ideological principles of Islamism, Hamas promotes Palestinian nationalism in an Islamic
context;
it has pursued a policy of jihad (armed struggle) against Israel.[c] It has a social service wing, Dawah, and a military wing,
the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.[d][e] Since the mid-1990s,[21] Hamas has gained widespread popularity
within Palestinian society for its anti-Israeli
stance.[86][87] The group's attacks,
including suicide bombings against civilian targets and indiscriminate rocket attacks, have led many countries
and academics[59] to designate Hamas a terrorist organization.[88][89][50] A 2018 attempt to condemn Hamas for "acts of
terror" at the United
Nations failed.[f]
The Gaza Strip is currently under blockade. Israel and Hamas have fought a number of wars there,
including in 2008–09, in 2012 and in 2014. In the 2023 war, Hamas launched "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood" and its fighters broke through
the Gaza barrier, attacked Israeli military bases, massacred civilians and took civilian and soldier hostages back to Gaza.[91][92][93] The attack has been described as the
biggest military setback for Israel since the 1973
Arab–Israeli War. In response, Israel intensified the existing Gaza blockade and began a
large-scale aerial bombardment campaign over the territory in preparation
for a ground assault, having announced its intention to destroy Hamas.[94] The European
Parliament and the US have also called for
the elimination of Hamas
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/01/hamas-new-charter-palestine-israel-1967-borders
n advance of the
publication, Netanyahu’s office said: “Hamas’s document is a smokescreen. We
see Hamas continuing to invest all of its resources not just in preparing for
war with Israel, but also in educating the children of Gaza to want to destroy
Israel.”
The
new document states the Islamist movement it is not seeking war with the Jewish
people – only with Zionism that drives the occupation of Palestine.
The new document also insists that Hamas is a not a revolutionary force
that seeks to intervene in other countries, a commitment that is likely to be
welcomed by other states such as Egypt.
The policy platform was announced by the
head of the movement’s political bureau, Khaled Meshal, at a press conference
in Doha. “Hamas advocates the liberation of all of Palestine but is ready to
support the state on 1967 borders without recognising Israel or ceding any rights,” he said.
The
move comes just two days before a White House meeting between Donald Trump and
Mahmoud Abbas, whose Fatah movement remains at odds with Hamas.
But according to diplomatic sources, the
new document has been in preparation for years and has been the subject of
intense debate between the various Hamas factions in Gaza, in exile and in prison.
Although
it does not explicitly supplant the previous charter of the founding fathers,
seen by many as racist, it is being described by those seeking to help Hamas
toward a more peaceful path as the contemporary summary of Hamas beliefs and
aims.
Israel
rejected the document before its full publication, with a spokesman for the
prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, saying: “Hamas is attempting to fool the
world, but it will not succeed.”
Ed
Royce, the chair of the House foreign relations committee, said: “Until Hamas
recognises Israel’s right to exist, its words are meaningless. I will see to it
that Hamas remains designated a terrorist organisation as long as it continues
to launch rocket attacks against Israeli civilians, remains an Iranian proxy,
and engages in other acts that threaten the US and Israel.”
But
some influential diplomatic figures will seek to persuade Trump’s Middle East
advisers that the document at least shows there is the potential for a peace
settlement based on the recent regional push led by Egypt. It may also open the
way for international investors to start rebuilding basic services in Gaza, and
end the blockade.
In
the biggest concession, the new document states that Hamas “considers the
establishment of a fully sovereign and independent Palestinian state, with
Jerusalem as its capital along the lines of 4 June 1967, with the return of the
refugees and the displaced to their homes from which they were expelled, to be
a formula of national consensus”.
By
implication, the document accepts that there will be another state entity
outside these borders, even if it does not mention Israel.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/02/hamas-charter-antisemitism
Why now is the time to talk to Hamas
by Tareq Baconi 2nd
This article is more than 6 years old
May 2017
|
This article is more than 6 years old |
On Monday night, the head of Hamas’s political bureau,
Khaled Meshal, officially unveiled the organisation’s much-anticipated “Document of general principles and policies” during a press conference in Doha.
Compared to the movement’s
founding document, this new one is relatively nuanced and politically astute.
Although it falls short of many privately voiced hopes regarding anticipated
reforms within Hamas, it offers a fair representation of Hamas’s evolution as a
movement and governing entity in Gaza nearly 30 years after its founding.
Hamas unequivocally
supports the creation of a sovereign Palestinian state based on the 1967
borders, with Jerusalem as its capital. It does not recognise the state of
Israel or abandon the right of return of Palestinian refugees. Acquiescence to
intermediate statehood while maintaining a commitment to the eventual
liberation of Palestine is presented as a “formula of national consensus”. This
phrase underscores the nature of this document as a compromise between Hamas’s
various constituencies
The document explicitly
differentiates between Jews and Judaism on the one hand, and political Zionism
on the other, and notes that Hamas’s struggle is limited to the latter. It
stresses that the Jewish people’s struggle with antisemitism is not tied to Arabs
or Muslims but rather to Europe’s past.
his document is a
counterweight to claims that Hamas is an irrational, fanatical and bloodthirsty group intent on murdering all Jews. However, the notion that it
is a sign of absolute moderation or a volte face by Hamas is hype. The release
of the document should be understood as a balancing act, an effort to allow
pragmatism within Hamas to be presented publicly without undermining the
movement’s ideological base. It is a diplomatic tool that opens space for both
the Palestinian leadership in the West Bank and the international community to
engage with Hamas.
srael has systematically
acted in violation of international law for decades, killing
thousands of Palestinian civilians through its occupation and in warfare
conducted in densely populated areas. This is not to say that the two sides are
equivalent or to present a hierarchy of suffering. Rather it is to suggest that
the premise of engagement and diplomacy cannot be withheld from one party and
extended to another when both commit acts that violate international law.
Hamas’s political document
is closer to the two-state framework than the manifesto of Likud, Israeli prime
minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s own political party
Likud refuses to
recognise the right of Palestinians to self-determination. The racist views of
the Israeli political establishment have been met with a strengthening of
diplomatic ties with the US and the UK, while Hamas continues to face
marginalisation.
Despite its shortcomings,
Hamas’s new document articulates political demands that have long been central
to the Palestinian struggle, and that are enshrined in numerous UN resolutions,
including the right of return.
Trenchant criticism of
Zionism and its political manifestations in Israel today is hardly limited to
Hamas or even to Palestinians. Israel has historically chosen to evade these
political demands,
Hamas’s new document must
be recognised as an opportunity to engage with a crucial interlocutor that
continues to enjoy some legitimacy among its constituents.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt
The Kingdom of Egypt (Arabic: المملكة المصرية, romanized: Al-Mamlaka Al-Miṣreyya, lit. 'The Egyptian Kingdom') was the legal form of the Egyptian
state during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's reign, from
the United Kingdom's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922
until the abolition of the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan in 1953 following
the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Until the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, the Kingdom was
only nominally independent, as the United
Kingdom retained control of foreign relations, communications, the
military, and Sudan. Officially, Sudan was governed as a condominium of the two states,
however, in reality, true power in Sudan lay with the United Kingdom. Between
1936 and 1952, the United Kingdom continued to maintain its military presence,
and its political advisers, at a reduced level.
The
legal status of Egypt had been highly convoluted, due to its de facto breakaway from the Ottoman
Empire in
1805, its occupation by Britain in 1882, and the re-establishment of the Sultanate
of Egypt (destroyed
by the Ottomans in 1517) as a British protectorate in 1914. In line with the change in
status from sultanate to kingdom, the title of the reigning Sultan, Fuad
I, was
changed from Sultan of Egypt to King
of Egypt.
Throughout the Kingdom's existence, Sudan was formally united
with Egypt. However, actual Egyptian authority in Sudan was largely nominal due
to United Kingdom's role as the dominant power in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. As had been the case during the Khedivate
of Egypt,
and the Sultanate of Egypt, the Egyptian monarch was styled as the sovereign of
"Egypt and Sudan".
During
the reign of King Fuad, the monarchy struggled with the Wafd Party, a broadly based
nationalist political organisation strongly opposed to British influence in
Egypt, and with the British themselves, who were determined to maintain their
control over the Suez Canal. Other political forces emerging in this period included
the Communist Party (1925), and the Muslim
Brotherhood (1928),
which eventually became a potent political and religious force.
King
Fuad died in 1936, and the throne passed to his 16-year-old son, Farouk. Rising nationalist
sentiment in Egypt and Sudan, and British concern following Fascist
Italy's recent invasion of Abyssinia led to the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, which required the
United Kingdom to withdraw all troops from Egypt proper (excluding Sudan),
except in the Suez
Canal Zone (agreed
to be evacuated by 1949), but permitted the return of British military
personnel in the event of war. The Kingdom was plagued by corruption, and its
subjects saw it as a puppet of the British, notwithstanding the bitter enmity
between King Farouk and the United Kingdom during the Second World War, as
evidenced by the Abdeen Palace incident of 1942. This, coupled with the
defeat in the Palestine War of 1948–1949, led to the 1952 Egyptian Revolution by the Free Officers Movement. Farouk abdicated in favour of his infant
son Ahmed Fuad, who became King Fuad
II. In
1953 the monarchy was abolished, and the Republic of Egypt was established. The
legal status of Sudan was only resolved in 1953, when Egypt and United Kingdom
agreed that it should be granted independence in 1956.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration_of_Jews_from_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe
In 1933, Hitler and the Jewish League agreed
to the Haavara Agreement in which, over time, German Jews and their finances could
and would settle in Mandatory Palestine. Furthermore, the Havaara Mark was used instead of the Deutschmark, because of its
lower interest rates, and it was seen as more favourable. By the end of 1933,
of the 600,000 German Jews, 100,000 had already emigrated to Palestine.[1] Following
this, they discouraged emigration by restricting the amount of money Jews could
take from German banks and imposed high emigrations taxes. The German government forbade emigration from the Greater Germanic Reich after October 1941. The German Jews who remained, about
163,000 in Germany and less than 57,000 from annexed Austria, were mostly elderly who were murdered in ghettos or taken
to Nazi concentration
camps, where most were murdered.[2] Jews were
able to leave Vichy France until the fall of 1942.[3]
Although
Jews could initially leave Nazi Germany with ease, it was difficult to find
countries that would take them, particularly after the initial wave of
immigrants in Europe, Britain, and the United States had been accepted.[2] One
of the reasons that emigration was so difficult was that it began during
the Great
Depression.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Commission
The 1936 UK Lord Peel
Commission found that "though the Arabs have benefited by the development
of the country owing to Jewish immigration, this has had no conciliatory
effect. On the contrary, improvement in the economic situation in Palestine has
meant the deterioration of the political situation".[17] Addressing the "Arab charge that the
Jews have obtained too large a proportion of good land cannot be
maintained", the Commission noted that "Much of the land now carrying
orange groves was sand dunes or swamp and uncultivated when it was
purchased."[18] They write that "The shortage of land
is, we consider, due less to the amount of land acquired by Jews than to the
increase in the Arab population".[18] "Endeavours to control the alienation
of land by Arabs to Jews have not been successful. In the hills there is no
more room for further close settlement by Jews; in the plains it should only be
allowed under certain restrictions."[15]
The Commission stated that
Government have attempted to discharge the contradictory obligations of the
Mandatory under conditions of great difficulty by "holding the
balance" between Jews and Arabs. Repeated attempts to conciliate either
race have only increased the trouble. The situation in Palestine has reached a
deadlock.[15] Development of local autonomy and
self-governing institutions, this also has been hampered.[15]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
The history of Egypt under Gamal Abdel
Nasser covers the period of Egyptian history from the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, of which Gamal
Abdel Nasser was
one of the two principal leaders, spanning Nasser's presidency of Egypt from 1956 to his
death in 1970. Nasser's tenure as Egypt's leader heralded a new period of
modernisation and socialist reform in Egypt, along with a staunch advocacy
of pan-Arab nationalism (including a short-lived union with Syria), and developing
world solidarity.
His prestige in Egypt and throughout the Arab World soared in the wake
of his nationalisation of the Suez
Canal Company in
1956, and Egypt's political victory in the subsequent Tripartite Aggression, but was damaged badly
by Israel's successful invasion and occupation of Jordanian, Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian
territory in
the Six-Day War of 1967.
The era witnessed a rapid increase in living standards
unparalleled in Egypt's millennia of history, and is regarded as a time when
ordinary Egyptian citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education,
employment, healthcare, and nourishment, as well as other forms of social
welfare,
while the influence of the former aristocracy waned, as did that of the Western
governments that had hitherto dominated Egyptian affairs.[1][2] The national economy grew significantly through agrarian
reform,
major modernisation projects, such as the Helwan steel works, and
the Aswan High Dam, and the nationalisation of key parts of the economy, notably
the Suez Canal Company.[1][2] At its economic peak, Nasser's Egypt was capable of not
only offering free education and healthcare to its own citizens but also to the
citizens of other Arab and African countries, who were offered full
scholarships and living allowances to undertake higher education in Egypt
before returning to their home countries. However, the substantial economic
growth that marked the early 1960s took a downturn later in the decade,
particularly as Egypt's military quagmire in the North Yemen Civil War deepened, only recovering in the late
1970s.[3] During Nasser's time in office, Egypt experienced a golden
age of culture, particularly in theatre, film, poetry, television, radio,
literature, fine arts, comedy, and music.[2][4] Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab World in these
fields, with Egyptian musical artists such as Abdel
Halim Hafez,[4] Umm Kulthum, and Mohammed Abdel Wahab, literary figures such as Naguib
Mahfouz,
and Tawfiq el-Hakim,[2] actors such as Faten
Hamama, Salah
Zulfikar, Soad Hosny and Rushdi
Abaza,[4] and the release of over 100 films yearly, compared to the
production of just more than a dozen annually during Hosni
Mubarak's presidency
(1981–2011).[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis
The Suez Crisis (also
called the Second Arab–Israeli war,[8][9][10] the Tripartite
Aggression[a] in the Arab world[11] and the Sinai
War[b] in Israel)[c] was an invasion of Egypt and the Gaza Strip in late 1956 by
Israel, followed by the United
Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain control of the Suez Canal for the Western
powers and to remove Egyptian president Gamal
Abdel Nasser,
who had just[12] nationalised the
foreign-owned Suez
Canal Company,
which administered the canal. Israel's primary objective was to re-open the
blocked Straits of Tiran.[13] After the fighting had started, political pressure from
the United States, the Soviet
Union,
and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode
humiliated the United Kingdom and France and strengthened Nasser.[14][15][16]
On 26 July 1956, Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal Company,
which prior to that was owned primarily by British and French shareholders. On
29 October, Israel invaded the Gaza Strip and the
Egyptian Sinai. Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to cease fire,
which was ignored. On 5 November, Britain and France landed paratroopers along the Suez
Canal. The Egyptian forces, before they were defeated, blocked all ship traffic
by sinking 40 ships in the canal. It later became clear that Israel, France and
Britain had conspired to plan the invasion. The three allies had attained a
number of their military objectives, but the canal was useless. Heavy political
pressure from the United States and the USSR led to a withdrawal. U.S.
president Dwight D. Eisenhower had strongly warned Britain not to
invade; he threatened serious damage to the British financial system by selling
the U.S. government's pound
sterling bonds.
Historians conclude the crisis "signified the end of Great Britain's role
as one of the world's major powers".[17][18][19][20][page needed]
The Suez Canal was closed from October 1956 until March 1957. Israel fulfilled some of
its objectives, such as attaining freedom of navigation through the Straits
of Tiran,
which Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1948–1950.[21][22]
As a result of the conflict, the United Nations created
the UNEF Peacekeepers to police the Egyptian–Israeli border, British prime minister Anthony
Eden resigned,
Canadian external affairs minister Lester
Pearson won
the Nobel Peace Prize, and the USSR may have been emboldened to invade Hungary.[23][24]
Nasser's response was the nationalisation of the Suez Canal. On 26 July, in a speech
in Alexandria, Nasser gave a riposte to Dulles. During his speech he
deliberately pronounced the name of Ferdinand de Lesseps, the builder of the canal, a code-word for
Egyptian forces to seize control of the canal and implement its
nationalisation.[108] He announced that the Nationalization Law had been
published, that all assets of the Suez Canal Company had been frozen, and that
stockholders would be paid the price of their shares according to the day's
closing price on the Paris Stock Exchange.[109] That same day, Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping.[110] Egypt also closed
the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf
of Aqaba,
in contravention of the Constantinople Convention of 1888. Many argued that this
was also a violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements.[111][112]
According to the Egyptian historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan, the
events leading up to the nationalisation of the Suez Canal Company, as well as
other events during Nasser's rule, showed Nasser to be far from a rational,
responsible leader. Ramadan notes Nasser's decision to nationalise the Suez
Canal without political consultation as an example of his predilection for
solitary decision-making.[113]
The exodus of the Mutamassirun ("Egyptianized"),
which included the British and French colonial powers, and also the Jews,
Greeks, Italians, Syro-Lebanese and the Armenians, began after World War I.[1] By the end of the
1960s, the exodus of the "foreign population" was effectively
complete. According to Andrew Gorman, this was primarily a result of the
"decolonization process and the rise of Egyptian
nationalism".[2][3][4] Following the invasion of Egypt by Britain,
France and Israel in 1956, the new president Gamal Abdel
Nasser enacted
a set of sweeping regulations abolishing civil liberties whilst implementing
targeted policies, allowing the state to stage mass arrests and strip away
Egyptian citizenship from any group it desired.[5] Some lawyers,
engineers, doctors and teachers were no longer allowed to work in their
professions.[6] As part of its new
policy, 1,000 Jews were arrested and 500 Jewish businesses were seized by the
government.[7] Jewish bank accounts
were confiscated and many people lost their jobs.[6]
The actions taken to
encourage emigration or expel the foreign minorities applied to the whole
Mutamassirun population, and after 1956 a large majority of Greeks, Syro-Lebanese, Italians, Belgians, French, and
British, including Jews, left the country.[8][failed verification] The expellees were
allowed to take only one suitcase and a small sum of cash, and forced to sign
declarations "donating" their property to the Egyptian government.[9]
On 9 December 1956, Egyptian Interior Minister Zakaria
Mohieddin stated
that of Egypt's 18,000 British and French citizens, 1,452 had been ordered to
be expelled.[10]
Jews, especially those
with free professions and relatives in Israel.[6] Although
there was an indigenous Jewish population, most Jews in Egypt in the early
twentieth century were recent immigrants to the country, who did not share the
Arabic language and culture
.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Authority
Suez Canal Authority (SCA)
is an Egyptian state-owned authority which owns,
operates and maintains the Suez Canal. It was set up by the Egyptian government to replace the Suez Canal Company in the 1950s which resulted in the Suez Crisis. After the UN intervened,
the three invading countries (France, Israel, and the United Kingdom) were
forced to withdraw.
SCA is an independent
authority having legal personality. SCA[2] was established by the nationalization act signed on 26
July 1956 by the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel
Nasser.
The act at the same time nationalized the Suez Canal Company and transferred
all its assets and employees to the SCA established by this act.[3]
The head office is located in Ismaïlia. In Port Said the
administration building of the earlier Suez Canal Company is used. Its board of
directors comprises 14 persons, including the chairman and managing director.[citation needed]
SCA owns the Suez Canal
and all areas, buildings and equipment pertaining thereto.[clarification needed] SCA issues the
Rules of Navigation, specifies the tolls for the use of the canal and collects
them. The tolls are expressed in XDR and collected in USD, GBP, EUR and other
currencies.[which?] In 2008, the total
revenue in tolls was 5,381.9 million USD for the passage of a total of 21,415
vessels - resulting in an average toll of 251,314.5 USD per vessel.[citation needed]
SCA
is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the Suez Canal, for the
safety of the traffic and for all other matters relating thereto. According to
the nationalisation act, SCA is bound by the 1888 Convention of Constantinople, which grants the right
of free access and use of the canal at equal conditions to all ships,
commercial ships and ships of war, in times of peace or of war, even to ships
of belligerent parties.
SCA is responsible for the computerized traffic management
supported by radar, for the 14 pilot
stations and
their pilots. Since 1996, SCA operates the Maritime Training and Simulation Center for its pilots. SCA
operates some 60 ships and boats, such as tugs, dredgers, cranes, and smaller boats.[citation needed]
According
to SCA's web site, its facilities also include 114 ferry connections with 36
ferry boats; the Ahmed Hamdi
road tunnel; the Nile Shipyard; the roads alongside the canal; a silk
production in a farm at Serabium using treated sanitary waste water for
irrigation; water plants in the canal cities; 12,000 housing units; a hospital
in Ismailia and emergency hospitals at both ends of the canal; 4 schools and
various sports and recreational centers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank
The West Bank (Arabic: الضفة الغربية, aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; Hebrew: הַגָּדָה הַמַּעֲרָבִית, HaGadáh HaMaʽarávit) is the larger of the two Palestinian territories (the other being the Gaza Strip). A landlocked territory
near the coast of the Mediterranean
Sea in
the Levant region of Western Asia.[2] It is bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east and
by Israel (via the Green Line) to the south, west, and
north.[3]
The
region initially emerged as a Jordanian-occupied territory after the 1948
Arab–Israeli War, before being annexed outright by Jordan in 1950, and was given its name
during this time based on its location on the western bank of the Jordan River. The territory remained
under Jordanian rule until 1967, when it was captured and began to be occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War. Since then, Israel has administered the West Bank – sans East
Jerusalem –
as the Judea and Samaria Area division. The mid-1990s Oslo Accords split the West Bank
into three regional levels of Palestinian sovereignty, via the Palestinian National Authority (PNA): Area A (PNA), Area B (PNA and Israel), and Area C (Israel, comprising
60% of the West Bank). The PNA exercises total or partial civil administration
over 165 Palestinian
enclaves across
the three areas. As both Palestinian territories (including East Jerusalem) are
claimed by the State of
Palestine,
they remain central to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
The international community considers Israeli settlements in the
West Bank and East Jerusalem to be illegal under international
law.[4][5][6][7] Area C contains 230 Israeli
settlements into which Israeli law is applied and under the Oslo Accords was supposed
to be mostly transferred to the PNA by 1997, but this did not occur.[8] Citing the
1980 Jerusalem Law (in which Israel claimed Jerusalem as its capitol), the
1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty, and the Oslo Accords, a 2004 advisory
ruling by the International Court of Justice concluded that the
West Bank and East Jerusalem remain Israeli-occupied territory.[9]
The West Bank, including East Jerusalem, has a land area of
5,640 square kilometres (2,180 square miles) plus a water area of
220 km2 (85 sq mi), consisting of the northwestern quarter
of the Dead Sea. It has an estimated population of 2,747,943 Palestinians, and over 670,000 Israeli
settlers live
in the West Bank, of which approximately 220,000 live in East Jerusalem.[10][11]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Sinai_Peninsula
The Sinai
Peninsula came
under military occupation by Israeli forces after Israel's seizure of the region
from Egypt during the Six-Day War in 1967. Israeli
provisional control over the Sinai Peninsula ended in 1982 following the
implementation of the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty, which saw Israel return
the region to Egypt in exchange for the latter's recognition of Israel as a legitimate sovereign state.
A
total of 18 Israeli
settlements were established in the region during the occupation,
primarily along the Gulf of
Aqaba and
in the northeast portions located south of the Gaza Strip.
The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in multiple stages
beginning in 1979 as part of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty.[1] Israel dismantled 18 settlements, 2 air force bases, a
naval base, and other installations by 1982, including most oil resources under
Israeli control.
Israeli forces first
seized the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula during the Suez Crisis of October–November 1956. Under heavy international
pressure, Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957, after heavily mapping the
territory and placing secret supply caches in preparation for the next war. As
part of the conditions for the Israeli withdrawal, the Sinai Peninsula was
demilitarized and the UNEF peacekeeping force was established
there to police the border between Israel and Egypt. In May 1967, Egyptian
President Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the
withdrawal of this force and moved Egypt's own troops into the area. Israel,
believing war to be imminent, ultimately launched a preemptive strike against
Egypt, beginning the Six-Day War. Within three days, Israel had occupied most of
the Sinai Peninsula.
Israeli forces first
seized the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula during the Suez Crisis of October–November
1956. Under heavy international pressure, Israeli forces withdrew in March
1957, after heavily mapping the territory and placing secret supply caches in
preparation for the next war. As part of the conditions for the Israeli withdrawal,
the Sinai Peninsula was demilitarized and the UNEF peacekeeping force was established there to police the
border between Israel and Egypt. In May 1967, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel
Nasser ordered
the withdrawal of this force and moved Egypt's own troops into the area.
Israel, believing war to be imminent, ultimately launched a preemptive strike
against Egypt, beginning the Six-Day War. Within three days, Israel had
occupied most of the Sinai Peninsula.
Following the Israeli capture and occupation of the Sinai
Peninsula, Egypt launched the War of
Attrition (1967–1970)
aimed at forcing Israel to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula. The war saw
protracted conflict in the Suez Canal Zone, ranging from limited to large scale
combat. Israeli shelling of the cities of Port Said, Ismailia, and Suez on the west bank of
the canal, led to high civilian casualties (including the virtual destruction
of Suez), and contributed to the flight of 700,000[2] Egyptian internal refugees. Ultimately, the war concluded
in 1970 with no change in the front line.[3] On 6 October 1973, Egypt commenced Operation
Badr to
retake the Sinai Peninsula, while Syria launched a simultaneous operation to
retake the Golan Heights, thereby beginning the Yom Kippur
War (known
in Egypt and much of Europe as the October
War). The canal was reopened in 1975, with President Sadat leading the
first convoy through the canal aboard an Egyptian destroyer. In 1979, Egypt and
Israel signed a peace treaty in which Israel agreed to withdraw from the
entirety of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel subsequently withdrew in several
stages, ending on 26 April 1982.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Israel
Agriculture in Israel is a highly developed industry.
Israel is a major exporter of fresh produce and a world-leader in agricultural
technologies despite the fact that the
geography of the country is not naturally conducive to agriculture. More than half of the land area is desert, and the climate and lack of water resources do not favor farming. Only 20% of the land area
is naturally arable.[1] In 2008,
agriculture represented 2.5% of total GDP and
3.6% of exports.[2] While farmworkers made up only 3.7% of the work force, Israel produced 95%
of its own food requirements, supplementing this with imports of grain,
oilseeds, meat, coffee, cocoa and sugar.
JQ
Comment 2023nov08:
The
current military activities between Israel and Hamas are a direct result of
Israel and THE WEST FAILING to
accept Hamas “document-of-general-principles-and-policies” in 2017 at FACE
VALUE.
THAT
IS OVER ACTIVE SUSPICION AND PREJUDICE – caused by Western style democratic
countries not Understanding what democracy is all about – freedom of expression
and respect for others, and NOT RESIDING in the past, but learning from it.
When the West oh so politely speaks in the UN, Palestine are not
able to speak - As a non-member observer, Palestine can speak at UN meetings
but can't vote on resolutions about the situation in Gaza. The 193 members of
the United Nations General Assembly are expected to vote on the Israel-Gaza war
on Friday 10th November 2023, but as an observer rather than a
member, Palestine will not have a say! It is like criticising my swearing, when
you so strongly criticise or muscle me – you are thus swearing too, but not
using such words as I do. Sneer is a swear word in my world, and officials do
it all the time! Donald Trump and Boris Johnson especially.
The
data I have collected above shows that the Middle East’s problems are mostly
personality clashes, where dictatorship has ruled rather than consensus – a
word which Hamas has used, but nobody else!
The
1936 UK Peel Commission even blamed the Palestinians for population growth,
even though so many Jews had come to settle there.
I
am suspicious of why Israel will not hand the West Bank and Gaza Strip back to
Palestine, as a country. The West Bank has much fertile arable land – and thus
the Israeli 2017 suspicion hides …… something more? !
Terrorism
comes about because of failure to agree a consensus with their minority view,
by failing to persuade, or to even try to persuade, and by imposing autocracy,
dictatorship, or even muscle to SHOW GOVERNMENT IS ALWAYS RIGHT. Israel is showing that is wrong – now! And
there are many in the Gaza Strip killed and wounded – more than in Israel !!
Who is the terrorist?
It
seems to have taken Hamas 6 years to collect enough weapons to strike hard at
Israel, for so not negotiating with their 2017 suggestion, and they struck in
2023. Israel has hit back extremely hard
and over the top if Gaza numbers killed and wounded is believed, but they were
the cause of the Hamas attack in the first place.
Just
like in the Suez crisis, Israel STRODE IN, with UK and French help, to declare
their need for access via the Red Sea, but they could have freighted their
products via the Mediterranean, and around Africa – it was presumably cheaper
to have a war than to pay for the extended travel time to the Far East??
And
the 6 Day war in 1967? An Israeli pre-empt, based upon President Nasser’s take
over of the Sinai peninsula – Israel may be scared, but surely that means negotiation
would be a good starter? The Sinai was Egypt’s anyway, but it was previously
taken away by UK imperialism – and then UK resignation.
The
problems really started because of Hitler in the 1930’s when so many Jews
needed a home – and found many Nations would only accept small numbers. Big
numbers went to Palestine as a result, muscling their way in amongst the
Palestinians – and were scared it would all happen again, so they have become
aggressive! And are showing it today.
This
is now a humanitarian crisis, and we should all be trying to promote a
ceasefire, not siding with either party to the conflict. A ceasefire would be
welcome, on the basis that ISRAEL in 2017, and as a result, HAMAS in 2023, are
BOTH at fault here.
It
was/is wrong to claim Hamas is a terrorist organisation, and not blame Israel
for them becoming so. It is like declaring your friend cannot be wrong, because
they ARE your friend, and can never make a mistake of arrogance and short
sightedness. Or strongly supporting the local football team, even when they, or
their crowd, are behaving poorly…....
For
THE WEST to side with Israel so obviously, just makes the Arab World hate us
more – our SHORT-SIGHTED-NESS and LACK OF INSIGHT is NOT helping.
Jim Quinn BSc CEng FIMechE CPD
